This gap is unfortunate, since 31% of primate species inhabit the New World. Hypotheses relating sexual selection and color vision have not been studied in New World primates yet, even though Old World primates and Strepsirhines have already been considered. ripe fruits, young leaves and insects), detection of predators, social dynamics and sexual selection although long-term fitness data suggest that balancing selection maintains color vision variation and that no phenotype is superior. Four major hypotheses have been tested regarding the evolution of primate color vision : detection of food (e.g. While all Old World monkeys have uniform trichromatism, New World monkeys exhibit a color vision polymorphism that is controlled by a single polymorphic gene locus on the X-chromosome, resulting in dichromatism (roughly equivalent to human red-green color blindness) in males and homozygous females and trichromatism (roughly equivalent to humans with normal color vision) in heterozygous females. Yet, color vision is highly variable among primates. Among these modalities, visual signals are widely used, especially color signals, since primates are the mammalian group that displays the greatest variety of colors in their skin and fur and carries the best color vision. acoustic, chemical, tactile and visual) to convey information about social and sexual status to conspecifics. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Īs social animals, primates use different sensory modalities (e.g. DMAP and MBCS were financed by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Proc. scholarship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: LAAM received a M.Sc. Received: DecemAccepted: Published: June 5, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Moreira et al. Solomon, University College London, UNITED KINGDOM PLoS ONE 10(6):Īcademic Editor: Samuel G. We suggest that variation in skin chroma and luminance might be used by female helpers and dominant females to identify the timing of birth, while achromatic variations may be used as clues by potential fathers to identify pregnancy stage in females and prepare for paternal burdens as well as to detect oestrus in the early post-partum period.Ĭitation: Moreira LAA, de Oliveira DGR, de Sousa MBC, Pessoa DMA (2015) Parturition Signaling by Visual Cues in Female Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus). By recording the reflectance spectra of female marmosets’ ( Callithrix jacchus) sexual skin, and running chromatic and achromatic discrimination models, we found that both variables fluctuate during the weeks that precede and succeed parturition, forming “U” and inverted “U” patterns for chromatic and achromatic contrast, respectively. Therefore, we used visual models to test the hypothesis that female marmosets show chromatic and/or achromatic cues that may indicate the time of parturition for male and female conspecifics. Behavioral evidence shows that males from different species of Neotropical primates seem to perceive the timing of female conception and gestation, although, no signals fulfilling this function have been identified. There is little consensus about which selective pressures fashioned primate color vision, although detection of food, mates and predators has been hypothesized. New World monkeys have polymorphic color vision, in which all males and some females are dichromats, while most females are trichromats.
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